A Composable Architectural Model for Digital Twin Computing Applications

Applied Sciences - MAY-2026

Authors

Ieva Saverio, Loconte Davide, Pazienza Andrea, Colombo Matteo, Marzo Federico, Loseto Giuseppe, Scioscia Floriano, Ruta Michele

Abstract

Digital Twins (DTs) are increasingly deployed in Industry 4.0 to enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and control, yet the transition from isolated DT instances to plant-wide ecosystems across cloud and edge infrastructures introduces fragmentation and coordination challenges among heterogeneous assets, data sources, and services. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a cloud-native Digital Twin Computing Layer (DTCL) that provides a unified control and orchestration plane for composing and operating DT applications in Smart Manufacturing. The DTCL is designed as a three-tier architecture comprising a developer-facing user interface, a Deploy Engine for automated deployment and lifecycle management, and a Service Catalog of reusable, independently deployable microservices. Standardized interaction is supported through semantic DT models and API- and message-based communication mechanisms. A governance workflow, based on service discovery and validation, is introduced to support non-redundant integration and controlled evolution of services. The approach is demonstrated through a Smart Manufacturing predictive maintenance case study and further extended with a Smart Mobility scenario for urban public transport planning, highlighting the flexibility of the DTCL across different application domains. Overall, the DTCL supports modular composition, interoperability, and lifecycle governance across heterogeneous Digital Twin applications, providing a scalable foundation for both industrial and urban data-driven scenarios.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094541

BibTex references

@Article{ILPCMLSR26,
  author       = "Ieva, Saverio and Loconte, Davide and Pazienza, Andrea and Colombo, Matteo and Marzo, Federico and Loseto, Giuseppe and Scioscia, Floriano and Ruta, Michele",
  title        = "A Composable Architectural Model for Digital Twin Computing Applications",
  journal      = "Applied Sciences",
  number       = "9",
  volume       = "16",
  pages        = "4541",
  month        = "may",
  year         = "2026",
  url          = "http://sisinflab.poliba.it/Publications/2026/ILPCMLSR26"

}